10th Standard Social Science Quarterly Exam 2026–2027 Important Questions with Key Answers
10th Social Science Quarterly Exam 2026 to 2027 Important 2 Marks, 5 Marks and 8 Marks Questions
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| 10th Social Science Quarterly Exam 2026–2027 Important Questions |
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📖 HISTORY
Unit 1
Q1 (8 Marks) Question: Discuss the main causes of the First World War.
- European Alliances and Counter-Alliances: In 1900, Great Powers were divided into two armed camps: the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) under the Triple Alliance (1882), and the Allies (France, Russia) under an 1894 alliance.
- Violent Forms of Nationalism: Jingoism in England, Chauvinism in France, and Kultur in Germany were militant forms of nationalism where love for one’s country demanded hatred for another.
- Aggressive Attitude of German Emperor: Kaiser Wilhelm II proclaimed Germany would be the leader of the world and expanded his navy, leading to a naval race with Britain.
- Hostility of France towards Germany: France wanted to recover Alsace and Lorraine lost to Germany in 1871, and German interference in Morocco added bitterness.
- Imperial Power Politics in the Balkans: The Young Turk Revolution (1908) led to Austria annexing Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was opposed by Serbia and supported by Germany.
- The Balkan Wars: The Balkan League (Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro) defeated Turkey in the First Balkan War (1912-13) but fought among themselves in the Second Balkan War.
- Immediate Cause: Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, was assassinated by a Bosnian Serb, Princip, at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
Q2 Question: Highlight the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles relating to Germany.
- Germany was found guilty of starting the War and was to pay reparations for the losses suffered.
- The German army was to be limited to 100,000 men and a small navy was allowed.
- The union of Austria and Germany was forbidden.
- All German colonies became mandated territories under the League of Nations.
- Germany was forced to revoke the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (with Russia) and Bucharest (with Bulgaria).
- Alsace–Lorraine was returned to France.
- Former Russian territories of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania were to be independent.
- Northern Schleswig was given to Denmark and small districts to Belgium.
- Poland was recreated.
- The Rhineland was to be occupied by the Allies, and the east bank of the Rhine was to be demilitarized.
Q3 Question: Explain the course of the Russian Revolution under the leadership of Lenin.
- Arrival of Lenin: Lenin was in Switzerland during the March Revolution and returned to Russia with the slogan "All power to the Soviets."
- Failure of Provisional Government: The Provisional Government postponed land redistribution and decided to continue the war, leading to frustration among peasant soldiers and land grabbing.
- Takeover by Bolshevik Party: On 7 November 1917, armed factory workers and revolutionary troops seized key government buildings and the Winter Palace.
- New Government: On 8 November 1917, a new Communist government was formed with Lenin as its head, and the Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party.
- Outcome: Industries and banks were nationalised, land became social property and was distributed to poor peasants, and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed to withdraw from the war.
Unit 2
Q1 Question: Trace the circumstances that led to the rise of Hitler in Germany.
- Defeat and Humiliation: Germany's defeat in WWI and the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Versailles caused a deep shock to the people.
- Economic Crisis: High unemployment and severe inflation after the war made the currency practically worthless; the Great Depression further deepened this frustration.
- Gifted Orator: Hitler was a gifted speaker who could whip up passion and promised a return to Germany's glorious military past.
- The Nazi Party: Founded in 1919, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi) used the Swastika banner and formed the brown-shirted storm-troopers.
- Support from Capitalists: Fearing the rise of the Communist Party, alarmed capitalists and property owners tilted towards supporting Fascism.
- Assumption of Power: Hitler was designated Chancellor in 1933, and after President Hindenburg's death in 1934, he became both President and Commander-in-Chief.
Q3 Question: Describe the rise and growth of nationalist politics in South Africa.
- Union of South Africa: Formed in 1910, it consisted of two main parties: the Unionist Party (British) and the South Africa Party (Afrikaners).
- National Party: A militant section of the South Africa Party formed the National Party under Herzog.
- Racist Policies: Acts passed in 1913 and 1923 segregated black and white farmers and confined native residents to certain parts of towns.
- Apartheid: In 1947, "Apartheid" (separateness) became the racial policy, leading to separate areas for races and segregation in schools and universities.
- Resistance: The African National Congress (ANC) fought racism; its leader Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years.
- End of Apartheid: Global pressure led to the lifting of the ban on ANC in 1990; Mandela was freed and became the first black president after the ANC won elections.
Unit 3
Q1 (8 Marks) Question: Analyse the effects of the World War II.
- New Geo-political Power Alignment: The world was polarized into two main blocs led by superpowers: the United States (anti-Communist) and Soviet Russia (Communist).
- Nuclear Proliferation: The US and USSR entered a race to build large stockpiles of nuclear weapons, and defense spending sky-rocketed.
- International Agencies: Agencies like the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund were established to provide a global forum.
- Decolonization: Colonial powers were forced to grant independence to former colonies; India was the first to achieve independence.
- Social Changes: The concept of the "Welfare State" emerged in Europe, where governments became responsible for the social and economic welfare of the people.
Q2 Question: Assess the structure and the activities of the UN.
- General Assembly: The body where each member state is represented with an equal vote; it meets once a year to discuss issues of interest and conflict.
- Security Council: Has fifteen members, including five permanent members (USA, Britain, France, Russia, China) who possess the right of veto.
- Secretariat: Located in Geneva; headed by the Secretary General who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Council.
- International Court of Justice: Set up at The Hague, consisting of fifteen judges.
- International Labour Organisation: Comprises a secretariat and general conference with four representatives from each country.
- Activities: Discusses major conflicts, promotes human rights (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948), and works through specialized agencies like FAO and UNESCO.
Q3 Question: Write an essay on the role played by the 19th century reformers towards the cause of Women.
- Raja Rammohan Roy: Agitated against Sati, leading to its abolition in 1829; advocated for women's right to property. [Textbook Unit 5 content]
- Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar: Played a leading role in the passage of the Widow Remarriage Reform Act of 1856 and established schools for girls. [Textbook Unit 5 content]
- Jyotiba Phule: Opened the first school for "untouchables" and girls in Poona; worked for the welfare of the marginalized.
- Mahadev Govind Ranade: Founded the Widow Marriage Association and worked for female education.
- Ramalinga Adigal: Opposed religious orthodoxy and social discrimination, emphasizing universal love.
Unit 6
Q1 (8 Marks) Question: Attempt an essay of the heroic fight Veerapandya Kattabomman conducted against the East India Company.
- Bone of Contention: The Company claimed the right to collect land revenue, which Kattabomman refused, leading to large arrears in tribute.
- Jackson Incident: Collector Jackson summoned Kattabomman to Ramanathapuram; during a clash, Lt. Clarke was killed, but Kattabomman escaped.
- Confederacy of Palayakkarars: Kattabomman joined the South Indian Confederacy organized by Marudhu Pandiyan to resist the British.
- Siege of Panchalamkurichi: Major Bannerman attacked Kattabomman's fort in September 1799; the fort was eventually captured.
- Betrayal and Capture: Kattabomman fled to the jungles of Pudukkottai but was betrayed by the Raja of Pudukkottai and captured.
- Martyrdom: Kattabomman was hanged from a tamarind tree at Kayathar in October 1799 in front of other Palayakkarars.
Q3 (8 Marks) Question: Account for the outbreak of Vellore Revolt in 1806.
- Grievances of Sepoys: Soldiers nursed resentment over low salary, poor promotion prospects, and lack of respect for their religious sentiments.
- Economic Distress: Famine in 1805 and unsettled conditions due to new land tenures put the families of sepoys in dire economic straits.
- Tipu’s Family: The sons and family members of Tipu Sultan were interned in Vellore Fort and became a focal point for the rebels.
- New Military Regulations: Commander-in-Chief Sir John Cradock prohibited wearing caste marks or earrings while in uniform.
- New Turban: Soldiers were forced to wear a new turban with a leather cockade made of animal skin, which offended both Hindus and Muslims.
- Outbreak: On 10 July 1806, the 1st and 23rd regiments rose in revolt, killing Colonel Fancourt and other officers within hours.
🌍 GEOGRAPHY
Unit 1
Q1 Question: Explain the divisions of Northern Mountains and its importance to India.
Divisions:
- The Trans-Himalayas: Also known as Western Himalayas, containing the Karakoram, Ladakh, and Zaskar ranges.
- The Himalayas: Formed by the Central axial range, divided into Himadri (Greater Himalayas), Himachal (Lesser Himalayas), and Siwaliks (Outer Himalayas).
- The Purvanchal Hills: Eastern offshoots of the Himalayas extending in the North-Eastern states.
Importance:
- Act as a natural barrier to the sub-continent.
- Source of many perennial rivers like Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra.
- Influence the climate by intercepting South West monsoon winds.
- Provide forest resources and rich biodiversity.
- House many hill stations and pilgrimage centers.
Q3 Question: Give a detailed account on the basin of the Ganga.
- Origin: Rises as Bhagirathi from the Gangotri Glacier in Uttarakhand.
- Drainage: It is the largest river system in India, covering an area of 8,61,404 sq.km.
- Tributaries: Major left-bank tributaries include Yamuna (largest), Ramganga, Ghagra, Gandak, Kosi; right-bank tributaries include Son.
- Confluence: In Bangladesh, it is known as Padma and joins the Brahmaputra (Jamuna) to form the world's largest delta, Sunderbans, before flowing into the Bay of Bengal.
Unit 2
Q1 Question: Write about Southwest Monsoon.
- Timing: Occurs from June to September.
- Mechanism: Intense heating of the landmass in summer creates low pressure, attracting moisture-laden winds from the Indian Ocean.
- Branches:
- Arabian Sea Branch: Hits the Western Ghats, causing heavy rainfall on the windward side.
- Bay of Bengal Branch: Moves towards North-East India and is deflected by mountains towards the Ganga plain.
- Impact: Provides nearly 75% of India's annual rainfall and is crucial for agriculture.
Q2 Question: What is multipurpose projects and write about any two multipurpose projects of India.
- Definition: Construction of dams across rivers aimed at multiple purposes like irrigation, hydro-power generation, flood control, and fishing.
- Bhakra-Nangal Project: Built across the River Sutlej; it is the highest gravity dam in India, serving Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan.
- Hirakud Project: Built across the River Mahanadi in Odisha; it is the longest dam in the world.
Unit 3
Q1 (8 Marks) Question: State any five types of soil in India and explain the characteristics and distribution of soil.
- Alluvial Soil: Formed by river depositions; rich in potash and phosphoric acid; found in the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains and coastal regions.
- Black Soil (Regur): Formed from basaltic rocks; moisture-retentive and rich in iron, lime, and magnesium; found in the Deccan Trap (Maharashtra, Gujarat).
- Red Soil: Formed by weathering of crystalline rocks; red color due to high iron content; found in parts of the eastern and southern peninsula.
- Laterite Soil: Formed by leaching under high temperature and heavy rainfall; found in the Western Ghats and parts of Odisha.
- Arid/Desert Soil: High salt content and low organic matter; found in North-West India (Rajasthan).
Q3 Question: Bring out the characteristics of Intensive and mixed farming.
Intensive Farming:
- Maximum output from a small piece of land.
- Heavy use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yielding varieties.
- Common in densely populated regions with assured irrigation.
Mixed Farming:
- Cultivation of crops along with livestock rearing, poultry, or bee-keeping.
- Provides a continuous source of income and ensures soil fertility.
Unit 4
Q1 Question: Write about the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.
- Concentration: Concentrated in the cotton-growing belt of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu.
- Maharashtra: Mumbai is a major center, often called the "Cottonopolis of India."
- Gujarat: Ahmedabad is another significant center.
- Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore is the most important center, known as the "Manchester of South India."
- Factors: Availability of raw material, proximity to ports, humid climate, and power supply.
Q2 Question: Describe the major challenges of Indian industries.
- Shortage of Raw Materials: Seasonal nature of agricultural raw materials.
- Power Crisis: Frequent power cuts and high cost of electricity.
- Old Technology: Lack of modernization and use of obsolete machinery.
- Financial Constraints: Difficulty in obtaining credit and high interest rates.
- Global Competition: Stiff competition from cheap imported goods and MNCs.
Unit 5
Q1 Question: What is urbanization? Explain its problem.
- Definition: The process of increase in the percentage of population living in urban areas.
- Problems:
- Urban Sprawl: Unplanned expansion of cities.
- Overcrowding: High density leading to pressure on infrastructure.
- Housing Shortage: Growth of slums and squatter settlements.
- Inadequate Infrastructure: Shortage of water, sanitation, and transport.
- Environmental Pollution: Increase in air, water, and noise pollution.
Q2 Question: Explain the importances of satellite communication in India.
- Reach: Provides communication services to remote and inaccessible areas.
- Broadcasting: Used for TV and radio transmission across the country.
- Weather Forecasting: Vital for monitoring cyclones and natural disasters.
- Resource Mapping: Helps in mapping natural resources and urban planning.
- Internet: Essential for tele-medicine, tele-education, and digital connectivity.
Q3 (8 Marks) Question: Classify and explain the roadways in India.
- National Highways (NH): Connect state capitals and major cities; managed by the Central Government.
- State Highways (SH): Connect district headquarters with the state capital; managed by State Governments.
- District Roads: Connect production centers with markets and highways; managed by Zila Parishads.
- Village Roads: Connect villages with nearby towns; managed by Panchayats.
- Border Roads: Constructed in sensitive border areas; managed by the Border Road Organisation (1960).
- Expressways: High-speed roads like the Golden Quadrilateral connecting major metros.
🏛️ CIVICS
Unit 1
Q1 Question: Explain the salient features of the Indian Constitution.
- It is the lengthiest written constitution in the world.
- It is partly rigid and partly flexible.
- It establishes a federal system of government with unitary features.
- It makes India a secular state.
- It provides an independent judiciary.
- It introduces Universal Adult Franchise (voting rights for all above 18).
Q2 Question: List out the fundamental rights guaranteed by Indian Constitution.
- Right to Equality: Equality before law, abolition of untouchability.
- Right to Freedom: Speech, assembly, movement, and education.
- Right against Exploitation: Prohibition of forced labor and child labor.
- Right to Religion: Freedom of conscience and practice of religion.
- Cultural and Educational Rights: Protection of minority languages and culture.
- Right to Constitutional Remedies: Right to move court for enforcement of rights.
Q4 Question: Question not found in the official textbook. (A comparison table between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles is provided on).
| Fundamental Rights | Directive Principles of State Policy |
|---|---|
| Derived from the Constitution of the USA. | Drawn on the model of the Constitution of Ireland. |
| Government cannot take away or abridge these rights. | These are mere instructions to the Government. |
| These are enforceable by a court of law. | These are not enforceable in any court. |
| These have legal sanctions. | These have moral and political sanctions. |
| Strengthen political democracy. | Ensure social and economic democracy. |
Unit 2
Q2 Question: What are the duties and functions of Prime Minister of India?
- Head of the Union Council of Ministers.
- Allocates portfolios among the ministers.
- Presides over the meetings of the Cabinet.
- Acts as the main link between the President and the Council of Ministers.
- Represents the country in international forums and conferences.
Unit 3
Q1 Question: What are the powers and functions of the Governor?
- Executive head of the state.
- Appoints the Chief Minister and other ministers.
- Appoints the Advocate General and Chairman of the State Public Service Commission.
- Summons and prorogues the state legislature.
- Every bill passed by the legislature requires his assent to become law.
- Can promulgate ordinances when the legislature is not in session.
Q2 Question: What are the functions of the Council of Ministers?
- Controls the financial policy and decides the tax structure.
- Makes important appointments of Heads of Departments.
- Discusses and takes efforts on disputes with other states.
- Frames proposals for state reserve expenditure.
- Decides all bills (ordinary and money) to be introduced in the Assembly.
📈 ECONOMICS
Unit 1
Q2 Question: What are the methods of calculating Gross Domestic Product? and explain its.
- Expenditure Approach: GDP = C + I + G + (X - M). (Consumption + Investment + Government Spending + Net Exports).
- Income Approach: Sum of all incomes (wages, rent, interest, profit) received by factors of production within the country.
- Value Added Approach: Summing the value added by each intermediate good to estimate the final value of the good.
Q3 Question: Write any five differences between the growth and development.
| Economic Growth | Economic Development |
|---|---|
| Focuses on parameters like GDP, GNP. | Focuses on life expectancy, literacy, poverty rate. |
| Short-term in nature. | Long-term in nature. |
| Applicable to developed nations. | Applicable to developing economies. |
| Measured by increase in national income. | Measured by increase in per capita income. |
| Automatic process (less government aid). | Requires government support and intervention. |
Unit 2
Q1 Question: Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages of MNC.
Advantages:
- Producing goods at lower cost without transaction costs.
- Reducing prices and increasing purchasing power.
- Spreading international culture and technology.
Disadvantages:
- Developing a monopoly for certain products.
- Potentially detrimental effect on environment and local culture. [Textbook Unit 2 content]
Q2 Question: Write about the World Trade Organisation.
- Established on January 1, 1995, following the Uruguay Round.
- Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
- Objectives:
- Set and enforce rules for international trade.
- Resolve trade disputes.
- Ensure sustainable development and environmental protection.
- Help developing countries secure a share in world trade.
Q3 Question: Write the challenges of Globalization.
- Benefits are not shared equitably among all countries.
- Leads to instability in the capital market.
- May cause environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity.
- Fear that it leads to global imbalance and dominance of developed nations. [Textbook Unit 2 content]
Unit 3
Q1 Question: Elucidate why the Green Revolution was born.
- Food Scarcity: A growing population created a potential risk of food shortages and revolution.
- US Assistance: The US administration and Ford Foundation formulated a plan to increase production.
- HYV Seeds: Introduction of High Yielding Varieties of wheat and rice in irrigated districts.
- Success: The promising results led to extension of the program, achieving self-sufficiency in food grains.
Q3 Question: Elaborate the Public Distribution System.
- A system to provide essential food grains to people at subsidized rates.
- Types:
- Universal PDS: Adopted in Tamil Nadu, where all households are eligible for subsidized food.
- Targeted PDS: Adopted in other states for specific target groups.
- FCI: The Food Corporation of India procures and maintains buffer stocks of wheat and rice.
- Fair Price Shops: These shops deliver the commodities to the consumers.
⚖️ DISTINGUISH BETWEEN & GIVE REASONS
Unit 1
Distinguish Between:
| Himalayan Rivers | Peninsular Rivers |
|---|---|
| Perennial and fed by glaciers | Seasonal and fed by rain |
| Western Ghats | Eastern Ghats |
|---|---|
| Continuous range on the west | Discontinuous range on the east |
Give Reasons:
- Himalayas are called young fold mountains: Formed recently by the folding of earth's crust due to tectonic activity.
- North Indian Rivers are perennial: Fed by melting glaciers in summer and rainfall in monsoon.
- Chotanagpur Plateau is rich in minerals: Due to its ancient geological formation containing vast deposits of iron, coal, and mica.
Unit 2
Distinguish Between:
| Weather | Climate |
|---|---|
| Day-to-day state of atmosphere | Average weather conditions over a long period |
| NE Monsoon | SW Monsoon |
|---|---|
| Blowing from land to sea (Oct-Dec) | blowing from sea to land (June-Sept) |
Give Reasons:
- Mountains are cooler than the plains: Due to decrease in temperature with increasing altitude (Lapse Rate).
Unit 3
Distinguish Between:
| Rabi crop seasons | Kharif crop seasons |
|---|---|
| Sown in winter (Oct) | Sown in monsoon (June) |
| Marine fishing | Inland fishing |
|---|---|
| Fishing in seas and oceans | Fishing in rivers, lakes, and canals |
| Alluvial soils | Black soils |
|---|---|
| Deposited by rivers | Formed from volcanic rocks |
Give Reasons:
- Agriculture is the backbone of India: Over 50% of the population depends on it for livelihood.
- Rain water harvesting is necessary: To prevent water runoff and recharge groundwater levels.
Unit 4
Distinguish Between:
| Metallic minerals | Non-metallic minerals |
|---|---|
| Contain metal | Do not contain metal |
| Agro based industry | Mineral based industry |
|---|---|
| Use agricultural raw materials (cotton, sugar) | Use minerals (iron, steel) |
Unit 5
Distinguish Between:
| Internal trade | International trade |
|---|---|
| Trade within the country | Trade between different countries |
| Roadways | Railways |
|---|---|
| Door-to-door service | Mass transport over long distances |
| Waterways | Airways |
|---|---|
| Cheapest for heavy goods | Fastest and most expensive |
| Personal communication | Mass communication |
|---|---|
| Between two individuals | Conveying information to a large audience simultaneously |
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